What side effect should a patient expect while taking metformin?

When taking metformin, a patient should expect bloating or loose stools as a common side effect. Metformin, which is primarily used to manage type 2 diabetes, works by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing hepatic glucose production. However, it can affect the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea. These side effects are particularly prevalent during the initial phase of treatment or when the dosage is increased, as the body adjusts to the medication.

This gastrointestinal disturbance occurs because metformin alters the intestinal microbiota and slows gastric emptying, which can contribute to feelings of bloating and cause loose stools. In many cases, these side effects tend to diminish over time as the patient continues to take the medication and the body acclimates to it.

The other options do not align with the common or expected side effects of metformin. Increased blood glucose levels would not generally be a result of metformin, as it is intended to lower blood sugar. Drowsiness is not a typical side effect associated with this medication, as it does not have sedative properties. Additionally, weight gain is contrary to metformin's effects; instead, it is often associated with weight loss or maintenance. Thus, expecting bloating or loose stools